18 results
347 Aerodynamic Size Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Shedding
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- Kristen K. Coleman, Petri Kalliomäkia, Jianyu Lai, S.-H. Sheldon Tai, Jennifer German, Filbert Hong, Barbara Albert, Yi Esparza, Aditya K. Srikakulapu, Maria Schanz, Alycia Ann Smith, Isabel Sierra Maldonado, Molly Oertela, Naja Fadula, Arantza Eiguren-Fernandez, Gregory S. Lewis, Kathleen M. McPhaul, Donald K. Milton
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 8 / Issue s1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 April 2024, p. 105
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We designed the Biocascade Exhaled Breath Sampler (BEBS) to characterize viral aerosol shedding among individuals with influenza and other respiratory virus infections. We first aimed to test the BEBS on volunteer COVID-19 cases and report the aerodynamic size distribution of exhaled breath aerosol particles carrying SARS-CoV-2 RNA. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: From June 15 through December 15, 2022, we recruited 27 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases from a college campus and the surrounding community to provide 30-minute breath samples into a well-validated Gesundheit-II (G-II) exhaled breath aerosol sampler. Among these individuals, 17 provided an additional exhaled breath sample into the newly designed BEBS. We quantified samples for viral RNA using reverse transcription digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-dPCR) and determined the viral RNA copies collected within two aerosol size fractions (≤5 µm and >5 µm in diameter) from the G-II, and four aerosol size fractions (<1.15 µm, 1.15–3.2 µm, 3.3–8.2 µm, and >8.2 µm) from the BEBS. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Individuals with a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 or BA.5 infection shed virus in aerosols at an average rate of 7.5x103 RNA copies per 30-minute G-II sample, with 78% of the total RNA in aerosols ≤5 µm in diameter. Among the BEBS samples, 10% of the total viral RNA was detected in aerosols <1.15 µm, 43% in 1.15–3.2 µm, 37% in 3.3–8.2 µm, and 10% in the >8.2 µm size fraction. Based on viral RNA loads, our results indicate that exhaled aerosols ≤3.2 µm contribute the majority of SARS-CoV-2 inhalation exposure. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data provide additional evidence that respirable aerosols contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, our data suggest that mitigation measures designed to reduce infectious aerosol inhalation, such as ventilation and the use of air cleaners and respirators, are needed to control the spread.
The Goldberg–Huxley model of the pathway to psychiatric care: 21st-century systematic review
- Peter Huxley, Anne Krayer, Rob Poole, Alicja Gromadzka, Daniel Lai Jie, Sadia Nafees
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 9 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 June 2023, e114
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Background
The classification of mental disorders used to be based only on people seen by hospital psychiatrists. In fact, most people with a mental disorder were, and are, not seen by psychiatrists because of decisions made prior to psychiatric consultation. The first description of this ‘pathway’ to care and its levels and filters was published by Goldberg and Huxley in 1980.
AimsTo conduct a review of papers relevant to the application of the Goldberg–Huxley model in the 21st century.
MethodSystematic review (PROSPERO registration CRD42021270603) of the pathway to psychiatric care in the 21st century. The review concentrates on community surveys and passage through the first filter (consultation in primary care or its equivalent). Ten databases were searched for papers meeting the defined inclusion criteria published between 2000 and 2019 and completed on 15 February 2020.
ResultsIn total, 1824 papers were retrieved, 137 screened fully and 31 included in this review. The results are presented in a table comparing them with previous research. Despite major social, economic and health service changes since 1980, community prevalence and consultation rates remain remarkably consistent and in line with World Health Organization findings. Passage through the first filter is largely unchanged and there is evidence that the same factors operate internationally, especially gender and social parameters.
ConclusionsThe Goldberg–Huxley model remains applicable internationally, but this may change owing to an increasingly mixed mental health economy and reduced access to primary care services.
Late Surges in COVID-19 Cases and Varying Transmission Potential Partially Due to Public Health Policy Changes in 5 Western States, March 10, 2020, to January 10, 2021
- Xinyi Hua, Aubrey R.D. Kehoe, Joana Tome, Mina Motaghi, Sylvia K. Ofori, Po-Ying Lai, Sheikh Taslim Ali, Gerardo Chowell, Anne C. Spaulding, Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
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- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 17 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 November 2022, e277
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Objective:
This study investigates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission potential in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho from March 2020 through January 2021.
Methods:Time-varying reproduction numbers, Rt, of a 7-d-sliding-window and of non-overlapping-windows between policy changes were estimated using the instantaneous reproduction number method. Linear regression was performed to evaluate if per-capita cumulative case-count varied across counties with different population size or density.
Results:The median 7-d-sliding-window Rt estimates across the studied region varied between 1 and 1.25 during September through November 2020. Between November 13 and 18, Rt was reduced by 14.71% (95% credible interval, CrI, [14.41%, 14.99%]) in North Dakota following a mask mandate; Idaho saw a 1.93% (95% CrI [1.87%, 1.99%]) reduction and Montana saw a 9.63% (95% CrI [9.26%, 9.98%]) reduction following the tightening of restrictions. High-population and high-density counties had higher per-capita cumulative case-count in North Dakota on June 30, August 31, October 31, and December 31, 2020. In Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, there were positive correlations between population size and per-capita weekly incident case-count, adjusted for calendar time and social vulnerability index variables.
Conclusions:Rt decreased after mask mandate during the region’s case-count spike suggested reduction in SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
The life and fate of a bubble in a geometrically perturbed Hele-Shaw channel
- Antoine Gaillard, Jack S. Keeler, Grégoire Le Lay, Grégoire Lemoult, Alice B. Thompson, Andrew L. Hazel, Anne Juel
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- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 914 / 10 May 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 March 2021, A34
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Motivated by the desire to understand complex transient behaviour in fluid flows, we study the dynamics of an air bubble driven by the steady motion of a suspending viscous fluid within a Hele-Shaw channel with a centred depth perturbation. Using both experiments and numerical simulations of a depth-averaged model, we investigate the evolution of an initially centred bubble of prescribed volume as a function of flow rate and initial shape. The experiments exhibit a rich variety of organised transient dynamics, involving bubble breakup as well as aggregation and coalescence of interacting neighbouring bubbles. The long-term outcome is either a single bubble or multiple separating bubbles, positioned along the channel in order of increasing velocity. Up to moderate flow rates, the life and fate of the bubble are reproducible and can be categorised by a small number of characteristic behaviours that occur in simply connected regions of the parameter plane. Increasing the flow rate leads to less reproducible time evolutions with increasing sensitivity to initial conditions and perturbations in the channel. Time-dependent numerical simulations that allow for breakup and coalescence are found to reproduce most of the dynamical behaviour observed experimentally, including enhanced sensitivity at high flow rate. An unusual feature of this system is that the set of steady and periodic solutions can change during temporal evolution because both the number of bubbles and their size distribution evolve due to breakup and coalescence events. Calculation of stable and unstable solutions in the single- and two-bubble cases reveals that the transient dynamics is orchestrated by weakly unstable solutions of the system that can appear and disappear as the number of bubbles changes.
Low adherence to traditional dietary pattern and food preferences of low-income preschool children with food neophobia
- Laís Andrade dos Anjos, Diva Aliete dos Santos Vieira, Bruna Nabuco Freire Siqueira, Silvia Maria Voci, Anne Jardim Botelho, Danielle Góes da Silva
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 10 / July 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 October 2020, pp. 2859-2866
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Objective:
To associate dietary patterns and food neophobia in low-income preschoolers.
Design:This was a cross-sectional study using a semi-structured questionnaire for socio-demographic data, birth conditions and breast-feeding history. Food neophobia was assessed using an adapted version of the Child Food Neophobia Scale. Children’s nutritional status was assessed using BMI-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores. Dietary patterns were estimated using a semi-quantitative FFQ through exploratory factor analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to test for an association between food neophobia and dietary pattern adherence.
Setting:Philanthropic childhood education schools in Aracaju, an urban community in northeastern Brazil, between July and December 2017.
Participants:Two hundred fourteen children aged 3–6 years and their parents.
Results:The percentages of low/medium and high food neophobia among preschoolers were 85·9 % and 11·2 %, respectively. Children with high food neophobia more frequently consumed ultra-processed foods rich in sugars (snacks, filled and unfilled cookies and sweets), as well as protein-rich foods (white meat, cheese and yogurt). Three dietary patterns were identified (traditional, snacks and school snacks). Children with a high level of neophobia had lower adherence to traditional dietary patterns.
Conclusions:A high level of food neophobia among socially vulnerable preschoolers is an eating behaviour related to unhealthy eating and is associated with the poorest diet in typical foods.
Relationships of maternal plasma pro-vitamin A carotenoids and children's neurocognitive outcomes
- Jun Shi Lai, Shirong Cai, Bee Lan Lee, Keith M. Godfrey, Peter D. Gluckman, Lynette P. Shek, Fabian Yap, Kok Hian Tan, Yap Seng Chong, Choon Nam Ong, Michael J. Meaney, Birit F.P. Broekman, Anne Rifkin-Graboi, Mary F.F. Chong
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- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E447
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Introduction
Pro-vitamin A carotenoids namely α-, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin have potential roles in neurocognitive development, but current literature on these carotenoids mainly focused on preventing cognitive decline in the elderly. This study examined the associations of maternal plasma pro-vitamin A carotenoids concentrations with offspring cognitive development up to 54 months in the GUSTO mother-offspring cohort study.
Materials and MethodsMaternal plasma pro-vitamin A carotenoids concentrations at delivery were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. At age 24 months, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) was used to assess children's development for the following domains: cognitive, receptive and expressive language, and fine and gross motor. At age 54 months, the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2) was used to assess children's verbal and non-verbal intelligence. Associations of maternal pro-vitamin A carotenoids with offspring cognitive development at each time point were examined in 419 mother-offspring pairs using linear regressions adjusted for confounders (e.g. maternal demographics, antenatal mental health and breastfeeding duration).
ResultsMedian (IQR) maternal plasma concentrations (mg/L) were: α-carotene 0.052 (0.032–0.081), β-carotene 0.189 (0.134–0.286), and β-cryptoxanthin 0.199 (0.123–0.304). In 24 months old infants, higher maternal β-cryptoxanthin (per SD increment) were associated with higher scores in most of BSID-III domains: cognitive [β 0.18, (0.08, 0.28) SD], receptive language [β 0.17 (0.07, 0.27) SD], fine motor [β 0.16 (0.06, 0.27) SD], and gross motor [β 0.16 (0.06, 0.27) SD]. Additionally, a 1-SD increment in maternal β-carotene concentrations were associated with 0.16 SD higher scores in BSID-III cognitive domain (95%: 0.04, 0.28), which was attenuated after adjusting for breastfeeding duration. No significant associations were observed between maternal α-carotene concentrations and BSID-III in children at 24 months of age, or between maternal pro-vitamin A carotenoids and KBIT-2 in children at 54 months of age.
DiscussionOur study provides novel data suggesting a role of maternal pro-vitamin A carotenoids, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in offspring early cognitive development. This adds support to the importance of consuming sufficient amounts of red- and orange-coloured fruit and vegetables (rich sources of β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene) during pregnancy. Further studies are required in other mother-offspring cohort with larger sample sizes, and intervention trials to confirm an effect of pro-vitamin A carotenoids on neurocognitive development.
The mediation effect of anthropometry and physical fitness on the relationship between birthweight and basal metabolic rate in children
- Isabele Goes Nobre, Marcos Andre Moura-dos-Santos, Gabriela Goes Nobre, Ravi Marinho dos Santos, Isabella da Costa Ribeiro, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema Santos, Eveline Viana da Silva da Fonseca, Tafnes Laís P. Santos de Oliveira, Wylla Tatiana Ferreira e Silva, Julie-Anne Nazare, Carol Gois Leandro
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- Journal:
- Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease / Volume 11 / Issue 6 / December 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 November 2019, pp. 640-647
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Background:
Birthweight (BW) has been associated with anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness during growth and development of children. However, less is known about the mediation effect of those variables on the relationship between BW and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in children.
Objective:To analyse the mediation effect of anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness on the association between BW and BMR in children.
Methods:In total, 499 children (254 boys, 245 girls) aged 7–10 years were included. Anthropometry (weight, height, head, waist and hip circumferences), body composition (skinfolds thickness, body fat percentage), physical fitness (handgrip strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular explosive power, agility, running speed) and BMR were evaluated. The analyses were conducted by: single-mediator analysis (SMA) and multi-mediator analysis (MMA).
Results:The SMA indicates height, head, waist and hip circumferences and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for boys and height, hip circumference and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for girls. In MMA for girls, there were significant indirect effects for height, hip circumference and handgrip strength, with 79.08% of percent mediation. For boys, the head and waist circumferences mediation had a significant indirect effect, with 83.37% of percent mediation.
Conclusion:The anthropometric variables associated with BW were body height, head, hip and waist circumferences for boys and body height and hip circumference for girls. The current study provides new evidence that height and handgrip strength during childhood mediated the relationship between BW and BMR.
Teacher's code-switching and bilingual children's heritage language learning and cognitive switching flexibility
- He SUN, Nurul YUSSOF, Poorani VIJAYAKUMAR, Gabrielle LAI, Beth Ann O'BRIEN, Quan He ONG
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- Journal of Child Language / Volume 47 / Issue 2 / March 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 October 2019, pp. 309-336
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To code-switch or not to code-switch? This is a dilemma for many bilingual language teachers. In this study, the influence of teachers’ CS on bilingual children's language and cognitive development is explored within heritage language (HL) classes in Singapore. Specifically, the relationship between children's language output, vocabulary development, and cognitive flexibility to teachers’ classroom CS behavior, is examined within 20 preschool HL classrooms (10 Mandarin, 6 Malay, and 4 Tamil). Teachers’ and children's utterances were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for CS frequency and type (i.e., inter-sentential, intra-sentential). 173 students were assessed with receptive vocabulary and dimensional card sort tasks, and their vocabulary and cognitive switching scores assessed using correlational and mixed effects analyses. Results show that inter-sentential and intra-sentential CS frequency is positively and significantly related to children's intra-sentential CS frequency. Overall, findings revealed that teachers code-switched habitually more often than for instructional purposes. Neither inter-sentential nor intra-sentential CS was significantly related to children's development in HL vocabulary, and intra-sentential CS was found to positively and significantly relate to children's growth in cognitive flexibility. These findings reveal the multi-faceted impact of teacher's CS on children's early development.
Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations during pregnancy and infant cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age
- Jun S. Lai, M. Na’im Mohamad Ayob, Shirong Cai, Phaik Ling Quah, Peter D. Gluckman, Lynette P. Shek, Fabian Yap, Kok Hian Tan, Yap Seng Chong, Keith M. Godfrey, Michael J. Meaney, Birit F. P. Broekman, Anne Rifkin-Graboi, Mary F. F. Chong
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 121 / Issue 11 / 14 June 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2019, pp. 1303-1312
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2019
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Evidence on long-term influences of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency or concentrations on infant cognition is limited. We examined associations between maternal plasma vitamin B12 and cognitive development in 24-month-old infants. Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured at 26–28 weeks’ gestation; infant cognitive development was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III at 24 months, for 443 mother–infant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes cohort. Linear regressions adjusted for key confounders examined associations of maternal vitamin B12 with cognitive, receptive and expressive language, fine and gross motor subscales. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamin B12 with folate or vitamin B6 insufficiencies on child’s cognition was explored. Average maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations was 220·5 ± 80·5 pmol/l; 15 % and 41 % of mothers were vitamin B12 deficient (<148 pmol/l) and insufficient (148–220·9 pmol/l), respectively. Infants of mothers with vitamin B12 deficiency had 0·42 (95 % CI −0·70, −0·14) sd lower cognitive scores, compared with infants of mothers with sufficient vitamin B12. Co-occurrence of maternal vitamins B12 and B6 insufficiencies was associated with 0·37 (95 % CI −0·69, −0·06) sd lower cognitive scores in infants compared with infants of mothers sufficient in both vitamins. No significant associations were observed with other subscales. Study findings suggest the possible need to ensure adequate vitamin B12 during pregnancy. The impact of co-occurrence of maternal B-vitamins insufficiencies on early cognitive development warrants further investigation.
Cardiogenic unilateral pulmonary oedema in an infant with severe residual mitral regurgitation
- Anna Joong, Wyman W. Lai, Anne Ferris
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- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 27 / Issue 1 / January 2017
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- 17 October 2016, pp. 173-175
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An infant with residual severe mitral regurgitation following mitral commissurotomy developed cardiogenic unilateral pulmonary oedema and subsegmental atelectasis that resolved with mechanical mitral valve replacement.
Contributors
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- By Zachary W. Adams, Margarita Alegría, Atalay Alem, Jordi Alonso, Victor Aparicio, Rifat Atun, Florence Baingana, Emily Baron, Marco Bertelli, Dinesh Bhugra, Sanchita Biswas, José Miguel Caldas de Almeida, Edwin Cameron, Somnath Chatterji, Erminia Colucci, Janice L. Cooper, Carla Kmett Danielson, Diego De Leo, Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, Marten W. de Vries, Maureen S. Durkin, Xiangming Fang, Julia W. Felton, Sally Field, Andrea Fiorillo, Lance Gable, Teddy Gafna, Sandro Galea, Patrick Gatonga, Sofia Halperin-Goldstein, Yanling He, Grace A. Herbert, Sabrina Hermosilla, Simone Honikman, Takashi Izutsu, Ruwan M. Jayatunge, Janis H. Jenkins, Rachel Jenkins, Lynne Jones, Jayanthi Karunaratne, Ronald C. Kessler, Rob Keukens, Lincoln I. Khasakhala, Hanna Kienzler, Sarah Kippen Wood, M. Thomas Kishore, Robert Kohn, Natasja Koitzsch Jensen, Sheri Lapatin, Anna Lessios, Isabel Louro Bernal, Feijun Luo, Laura MacPherson, Matthew J. Maenner, Anne W. Mbwayo, David McDaid, Ingrid Meintjes, Victoria N. Mutiso, David M. Ndetei, Samuel O. Okpaku, Lijing Ouyang, Ramachandran Padmavati, Clare Pain, Duncan Pedersen, Jordan Pfau, Felipe Picon, Rodney D. Presley, Reima Pryor, Shoba Raja, Thara Rangaswamy, Jorge Rodriguez, Diana Rose, Moosa Salie, Norman Sartorius, Ester Shapiro, Manuela Silva, Daya Somasundaram, Katherine Sorsdahl, Dan J. Stein, Deborah M. Stone, Heather Stuart, Athula Sumathipala, Hema Tharoor, Rita Thom, Lay San Too, Atsuro Tsutsumi, Chris Underhill, Anne Valentine, Claire van der Westhuizen, Thandi van Heyningen, Robert van Voren, Inka Weissbecker, Gail Wyatt
- Edited by Samuel O. Okpaku
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- Essentials of Global Mental Health
- Published online:
- 05 March 2014
- Print publication:
- 27 February 2014, pp x-xiv
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- By Yehuda Adar, Javier Solana Álvarez, Camilla Baasch Andersen, Petra Butler, Luca G. Castellani, Martin Davies, Larry A. DiMatteo, Milena Djordjević, Sieg Eiselen, Hossam A. El-Saghir, Robert W. Emerson, Wolfgang Faber, Edoardo Ferrante, Harry M. Flechtner, Morton M. Fogt, Claire M. Germain, Helena Haapio, André Janssen, Sörren Kiene, Tadas Klimas, Stefan Kröll, Sonja A. Kruisinga, Kaon Lai, Ole Lando, Li Wei, Corinne Widmer Lüchinger, Ulrich Magnus, Virginia G. Maurer, Francesco G. Mazzotta, Olaf Meyer, Marie Stefanini Newman, Ann M. Olazábal, Vladimir Pavić, Pilar Perales Viscasillas, Sylvaine Poillot-Peruzzetto, Burghard Piltz, Jan Ramberg, Vikki Rogers, Ulrich G. Schroeter, Ingeborg Schwenzer, Jan M. Smits, Lisa Spagnolo, Aneta Spaic, Matthias Spilker, Marco Torsello, Bruno Zeller, Qi “George” Zhou
- Edited by Larry A. DiMatteo
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- International Sales Law
- Published online:
- 18 December 2014
- Print publication:
- 17 February 2014, pp xxix-xlii
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Separation-driven coalescence of droplets: an analytical criterion for the approach to contact
- ANN LAI, NICOLAS BREMOND, HOWARD A. STONE
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- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 632 / 10 August 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 July 2009, pp. 97-107
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Recent microfluidic experiments by Bremond, Thiam & Bibette (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 100, 2008, paper no. 024501), along with simulations by Yoon et al. (Phys. Fluid, vol. 19, 2007, paper no. 102102) and near-contact experiments and simulations by Manica et al. (Langmuir, vol. 24, 2008, pp. 1381–1390), have demonstrated that two droplets can coalesce as they are separating rather than upon their collision. We analyse the experimental microfluidic flow configuration for the approach to contact with a two-dimensional model: we apply a lubrication analysis followed by the method of domain perturbation to determine the droplet deformation as a function of time. We find the approximate shape for the deformed droplet at the time of contact. In particular, for droplets of radius R, moving apart according to h0(t) = h0(0) + αt2, where 2h0(t) is the separation distance, we define a non-dimensional parameter A=4CμR2α1/2/πγ[h0(0)]3/2, where μ is the viscosity of the continuous phase; γ is the interfacial tension; and C depends on the viscosity ratio between the droplets and the continuous phase. Our model suggests that there exists a critical value Acrit = 16/33/2 ≈ 3.0792, below which separation is unlikely to facilitate the coalescence of the droplets. The predictions are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Fiber-optics Low-coherence Integrated Metrology for In-Situ Non-contact Characterization of Wafer Curvature for Wafers Having Non-uniform Substrate and Thin Film Thickness
- Wojciech J. Walecki, Alexander Pravdivtsev, Kevin Lai, Manuel Santos II, Georgy Mikhaylov, Mihail Mihaylov, Ann Koo
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 875 / 2005
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- 01 February 2011, O9.4
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- 2005
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Abstract. We propose novel stress metrology technique for measurement of local values stress tensor components in the coated wafers. New metrology is based on fiber-optic low coherence interferometry and can be applied to study stress not only in semicondiuctor wafers but in wide variety applications spanning from semiconductor to construction industry where measurements of plates covered by thin film encountered in flat panel displayes, solar cells, modern windows.
Novel Noncontact Thickness Metrology for Partially Transparent and Nontransparent Wafers for Backend Semiconductor Manufacturing
- Wojciech J. Walecki, Vitali Souchkov, Kevin Lai, Phuc Van, Manuel Santos, Alexander Pravdivtsev, S. H. Lau, Ann Koo
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 829 / 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 February 2011, B9.31
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- 2004
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Single probe infrared low coherence optical interferometry has been proven to be an effective tool for characterization of thin and ultra-thin semiconductor Si and compound materials wafers. Its application was however limited to wafers transparent at probing wavelength, and having relatively smooth surfaces. Purpose of this paper is to present an extension of low coherence interferometry to characterization of non-transparent wafers, and wafers with rough surfaces.
Low Coherence Interferometric Metrology for Ultra-thin MEMs Structures
- Wojciech Walecki, Frank Wei, Phuc Van, Kevin Lai, Tim Lee, Vitali Souchkov, SH Lau, Ann Koo
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 820 / 2004
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- 15 March 2011, O8.8
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- 2004
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We present application of low coherence interferometry to characterization of ultra-thin MEMs structures such as membranes in micro-machined devices.
Microstructure Evolution of On-substrate NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Thin Films
- Xi Wang, Ann Lai, Joost J. Vlassak, Yves Bellouard
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 795 / 2003
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- 01 February 2011, U8.20
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- 2003
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When deposited at room temperature, sputtered NiTi thin films are amorphous and need to be crystallized before they can be used as a functional material. We present the results of an annealing study on substrate-constrained NiTi shape memory thin films. Amorphous films of a NiTi shape memory alloy were deposited by UHV sputtering. Films of thickness 1.0 μm were grown on (100) Si wafers both with and without an LPCVD SiNx barrier. The as-deposited films were annealed in vacuum at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 800°C. The microstructure of the annealed films was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Rutherford back scattering (RBS).